Invasive alien plants in plant health revisited: another 10 years

Ten years ago, the authors gave an overview of early history invasive alien plants in plant health. In last decade, field has seen further development, which is reported here. This includes new activities at global scale, e.g. International Plant Protection Convention and on Biological Diversity, a regional EU region European Mediterranean Organization, national scale. New include prioritization scheme for pest risk analysis plants, Standards regulations, development cooperation between environmental health sectors. Il y dix ans, les auteurs ont présenté une vue d’ensemble des débuts plantes exotiques envahissantes dans l’histoire de la santé végétaux. Cette activité connu nouvelles évolutions au cours dernière décennie, lesquelles sont rapportées le présent article. Ces comprennent activités à l'échelle mondiale, par exemple cadre internationale pour protection végétaux (CIPV) et sur diversité biologique (CDB) ; régionale, sein l'UE région l'Organisation européenne méditerranéenne (OEPP), ainsi qu’à nationale. Parmi ces activités, citons un schéma hiérarchisation priorités l'analyse du risque phytosanitaire (ARP) envahissantes, normes réglementations, que développement coopération entre secteurs l'environnement Десять лет назад авторы представили обзор ранней истории инвазивных чужеродных растений (ИЧР) в вопросах карантина растений. За последнее десятилетие эта область получила дальнейшее развитие, о чем и сообщается здесь. Это включает новые мероприятия на мировом уровне, например, рамках Международной конвенции по карантину защите (МККЗР) Конвенции биологическом разнообразии (КБР), региональном ЕС регионе Европейской Средиземноморской организации (ЕОКЗР), а также национальном уровне. Новые включают схему определения приоритетов для анализа фитосанитарного риска (АФР), связанного с инвазивными чужеродными растениями, стандарты регламентации, развитие сотрудничества между секторами окружающей среды described what we saw as beginning world working (IAP) species (Schrader al., 2010). A core message that paper was fact congruence terms (IAS) quarantine becoming increasingly accepted sectors nature conservation – set out Diversity (CBD) health, with (IPPC) basis. meantime, numerous discussions IPPC level well level, including improvement (PRA) procedures IAPs, enactment regulations IAS have taken place. Activities are also being promoted carried level. It therefore timely to follow up more recent since 2010. There several players dealing coming from different angles but trying achieve common goal provide against introduction spread IAPs damage they cause. Phytosanitary Measures (ISPMs) adopted provided by help contracting parties deal phytosanitary issues. The Standard ISPM No. 11: Pest Risk Analysis Quarantine Pests, general deals assessment risks posed organisms (pests pathogens) plants. 2009, expert group convened Secretariat drafted Annex 4 this Standard: pests. After internal country consultations, 8th Commission (CPM-8) consequential changes text 2013. Key elements PRA procedure differences compared other pests consist specific guidance consideration habitats, locations endangered areas intentionally introduced (for planting or intended uses); unintentional introductions not considered. Furthermore, manifestation occurs through competition space resources, altering habitat conditions, parasitism allelopathy, hybridization cultivated wild while caused direct, example feeding infection can act pathways World Trade Organization's (WTO) Development Facility (STDF) organized workshop 2012 together Organization Animal Health (OIE) application SPS Agreement (STDF, 2012; Starfinger & Unger, 2013). stressed Sanitary (SPS) allows measures all kinds noxious organisms, hence term should be used wide definition. Whereas although it CBD coined IAS, no acknowledged WTO’s SPS. major partners WTO respect ‘three sisters’ Codex Alimentarius, OIE. published after (Lopian Stephen, 2013) recommends following OIE standards IAS-related such analysis, monitoring management, policy formulation capacity building developing countries. explicitly state ‘IPPC’s tool covers range directly indirectly affect consequently environment.’ By this, governmental authorities powerful instrument hand regulate manage compatibility Agreement. Several organizations [including Organisation (EPPO) North American (NAPPO)] regularly assess compliance analysis. United Nations declared period 2011–2020 UN Decade Biodiversity view contributing implementation Strategic Plan 2011–2020. At its 10th Conference Parties Nagoya 2010 targets saving biodiversity become known Aichi Targets. Target 9 specifically addresses threat demands 2020 their identified prioritized. To Inter-Agency Liaison Group Invasive Alien Species, agencies. main focus identify gaps inconsistencies existing policies related promote inter-sectoral development. Year (IYPH) aim raise awareness. context, protecting meant way only combat hunger poverty secure environment (FAO, 2020). IYPH been occasion advocate invasion science concerned bodies [e.g. Jactel (2020) forest pests]. chance draw attention need better incorporation into sector (Starfinger, On EPPO Union (EU) shows interdisciplinary approach possible address challenge environments. starting work reviewed data warning system. For purpose, panel experts member countries established 2002, Panel Plants, met total 25 times (IAP Panel; EPPO, 2021). article Brunel al. (2010a), particular drawn Basin, vulnerable species. due climatic conditions allowing establishment subtropical sometimes even tropical series were study priority action, Alternanthera philoxeroides (Amaranthaceae), Ambrosia artemisiifolia (Asteraceae), Baccharis halimifolia Cortaderia selloana (Poaceae), Pontederia (Eichhornia) crassipes (Pontederiaceae), Fallopia baldschuanica (Polygonaceae), Hakea sericea (Proteaceae), Humulus japonicus (Cannabaceae), Ludwigia grandiflora L. peploides (Onagraceae), Hydrilla verticillata (Hydrocharitaceae), Microstegium vimineum Myriophyllum heterophyllum (Haloragaceae), Pennisetum setaceum Pistia stratiotes (Araceae), Salvinia molesta (Salviniaceae) Solanum elaeagnifolium (Solanaceae). years, most these species, PRAs conducted (Table 1). Since strongly resource limited [an normally expert, discussed week-long later members IAPs) IAP Panel], process developed decide consistent basis (Brunel 2010b). applied during select 2). Strategy Maghreb 2020–2030 PM9 Ailanthus altissima; confertiflora treated NAPPO very similar way: terrestrial aquatic meet definition included NAPPO’s scope competent recommended (NAPPO, 2011). project PRATIQUE within 7th framework programme, mentioned Schrader (2010), dealt revision Decision-support (DSS) PRA, adaption applicability IAPs. Steffen (2012) describe testing Polygonum perfoliatum (mile-a-minute weed) (formerly Eichhornia crassipes, water hyacinth), focusing improvements made scheme. found version clearer rating increased transparency, user-friendly consistent, individual documented summarized comparable conclusive result. Consequently, upcoming analyses above-mentioned HALT Ambrosia, complex research methods stop ragweed Europe (Sölter 2012). international consortium consisted fields herbology agroecology. Common ragweed, artemisiifolia, strong impacts human agriculture, united researchers various fields, reduce impacts, COST Action SMARTER (Müller-Schärer Lommen, 2014) Ragweed Society (Thibaudon As assessed Food Safety Authority (EFSA), spp. triggered EFSA’s panels publish opinion spreading seeds animal feed, causing (EFSA, Discussions how legally led adoption regulation under Directorate-General Environment (DG ENV). 2014, Regulation No 1143/2014 Parliament Council prevention management (IAS Regulation) entered force 1 January 2015 (EU, 2014). element list union concern, i.e. particularly ecosystem services. certain restrictions apply, prohibition import, breeding, selling etc. basic requirements Article 5 large extent already sector, standard PM (EPPO, 2011; Roy 2018). EPPO’s expertise DG ENV awarding LIFE RISK, 2019a). project, 39 prioritized using modified compliant needs (Tanner 2017). subsequently 16 Of these, two present low risk, 14 A1 A2 Eleven listed concern 2019, see Table acknowledges Directive 2000/29 (predecessor 2016/2031) harmful aligned overlap [EU, preamble (8)]. consequence, regulation, those would fit IAS. launched came 2019 2016). course regime, advocated some states definitions generally potential final indeed stated non-parasitic purpose 2016, (2)]. (8), however, clear status relation preferentially given parasitic Commission, GD SANTE, so far any pest. African Maghreb, adjacent (and partly overlapping) strategy decade 2030 (OSS, From Germany translated actions. Germany, technical meeting took place February discuss biological diversity agricultural landscapes. framework, emphasized prevention, voluntary self-restraints public relations play important role. crucial point differentiation safe risky trade use adapted (Starfinger Schrader, that, predicted climate change, expected. Therefore, scientific introduction, information specialized will continue necessary intensified. Regardless design legal required. Generally, developments IAP/IAS case-by-case agencies involved, Federal Agency Nature Conservation (BfN) Institute National Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI). BfN projects usually supervised team external experts, may JKI, prioritise (Rabitsch, way, incorporated supervising control Japanese knotweed along roads funded Highway Research (BASt, always easy line competencies there goals illustrated local eradication primrose willow North-West Germany: funding available activity successfully JKI funds (Hussner integrate acknowledged. Synergies academic biology improve understanding processes (Ireland Prevention mitigation sought designed incorporate (Meyerson Reaser, 2002). well-known comprehensive biosecurity system Zealand (Hulme, contrast, fragmented regulatory landscape makes alignment (Baquero above permit than previous regulations. They allow synergies sectors: listing number cases supports PRA. same time, serves regulating currently regulated itself. cause solely economic without damaging diversity, gap exists legislation long subjected regulation. recently demonstrated ability severely threaten production having marked effects biodiversity, trifida, Amaranthus tuberculatus A. palmeri 2019b; 2020a,b). pests, addition, recommend plans Standards, one trifida preparation). Compared subregional acts, recommendations lower weight mandatory. conclusion, role evident many respects still done consistently impacts.